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Abstract - The Bad Boys Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett are back together for one last ride in the highly anticipated Bad Boys for Life / 8,1 of 10 stars / USA / Cast - Vanessa Hudgens / Bilall Fallah / Audience score - 35512 vote. Can't wait for this film been lookin forward to this for years. This scene is always extra funny to me because my name is Reggie 😂. Why did Marcus say thats his wife's car and not Taresa's car. Great video bro. Very entertaining. Bad boys for life reggie. Bad boys for life movie trailer. Bad boys for life showtimes showtimes. 
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YouTube. YOU PICKED THE WRONG COUNTRY FOOL. Enter the characters you see below Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies. Type the characters you see in this image: Try different image Conditions of Use Privacy Policy 1996-2014, Inc. or its affiliates. Run this town download full song. "Run This Town" Single by Jay-Z featuring Rihanna and Kanye West from the album The Blueprint 3 Released July 24, 2009 Format Digital download Recorded 2009 Studio Avex Honolulu Studios ( Honolulu, Hawaii) Roc The Mic Studios ( New York City, New York) Westlake Recording Studios ( Los Angeles, California) Genre Hip hop Length 4: 27 (album version) Label Roc Nation Atlantic Songwriter(s) Shawn Carter Kanye West Robyn Fenty Ernest Wilson Jeff Bhasker Athanasios Alatas Producer(s) West No I. D. Jay-Z singles chronology " D. O. A. (Death of Auto-Tune. 2009) Run This Town. 2009) Empire State of Mind. 2009) Rihanna singles chronology " Rehab. 2008) Russian Roulette. 2009) Kanye West singles chronology " Supernova. 2009) Forever. 2009) Run This Town " is a song by American rapper Jay-Z. The song also features Rihanna and Kanye West. It was written by the performing trio, with assistance from Ernest Wilson and Jeff Bhasker. Production of the track was made by West and Wilson (also known as "No I. D. 1] Run This Town" was released as the second single from Jay-Z's eleventh studio album The Blueprint 3, and is used as the theme song of Battlefield 4. [2] Run This Town" received mixed reviews from music critics; some praised what each member of the trio brought to the track, whilst others thought that Rihanna and Kanye West out-performed Jay-Z. The song was a commercial success, reaching number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and topping the charts in the United Kingdom. It additionally made top ten chartings in ten other countries including in Australia, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. "Run This Town" won Best Rap Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards. The song's accompanying music video, directed by Anthony Mandler, depicts the trio in a post-apocalyptic environment, featuring scenes involving angry protesters surrounding them. "Run This Town" was performed by Jay-Z, West, and Rihanna on the series premiere of The Jay Leno Show in the United States. [3] 4] Background [ edit] Run This Town" features singer Rihanna ( right) and rapper Kanye West ( left) both also co-wrote the song. "Run This Town" samples 1970s Greek band The 4 Levels of Existence's song "Someday in Athens" appearing at the 1:02 mark, and lasting thereafter. [5] The second official single from the album, The Blueprint 3 was originally planned to be "Off That" featuring Drake but "Run This Town" was decided upon instead. Jay-Z confirmed the release in an interview with Tim Westwood, saying, We basically run this town. It's myself, Rihanna and Kanye. It's pretty much it. 6] The song made its radio debut on July 24, 2009 at 9:11 am to coincide with the album's release date, September 11, 2009. [7] Run This Town" was officially released to urban radios in the United States on August 9, 2009 [8] and was released via iTunes worldwide two days later on August 11. The CD single release followed on August 31, 2009 in the UK. [9] Rihanna's contribution was her first musical appearance following her February 8 altercation with her ex-boyfriend Chris Brown, earlier that year. [10] Reception [ edit] Critical reception [ edit] Run This Town" received mixed reviews from music critics. Following the leak of the song, Tom Breihan, Pitchfork gave a positive review. "The new Jay-Z/Rihanna/Kanye West track from 'The Blueprint 3' leaked this morning, and it bangs. Jay's ' D. (Death of Auto-Tune. left the impression that The Blueprint 3 might be a cantankerous grumpy-old-man rap album, but 'Run This Town' totally obliterates that. Thanks to a molten motivational Rihanna chorus, it's pop-friendly as hell, without compromising Jay's fundamental hardness. And Jay is actually rapping like he cares, something he's only done intermittently over the last few years. Still, Kanye gets the hottest line on the song: What you think I rap for, to push a fuckin' RAV 4. 11] Following the album's release, Pitchfork made another review of the song, again praising the track. "There's something for everybody: Jay [ Z] sounds engaged in a way he rarely has since unretiring, Rihanna coos those "ay ay"s the radio loves, and Kanye West, as you may have read, once again upstages the guy he's producing. Rihanna's hook may not be Auto-Tune'd, but it's definitely autopilot. 12] felt that Jay-Z lacked presence, writing, It looks like someone finally got tired of being bullied by ' Big Brother. Roc Nation dropped the ball on the song credit though; it was supposed to read 'Kanye West Featuring Rihanna. because 'Ye murdered Jay on his own track. But that's not saying much because Jay was running this race on one foot. In other words, Kanye didn't win, Jay lost. 13] Digital Spy gave a mixed review of the song. "Boasting three of the biggest stars from the worlds of hip-hop and R&B, Run This Town' was never going to be a flop, but neither is it a roaring success. Kanye's slick rapping ( Reebok baby, you need to try some new things, have you ever had shoes without shoestrings. and Rihanna's "hey-hey" chorus hook make Jay-Z seem surplus to requirements, which surely can't have been the aim. The chaotic military march beats are impressive – and hats off to Jigga for snubbing Auto-Tune – but this track still doesn't seem fitting of an artist considered a groundbreaking rap legend. [14] Accolades [ edit] Most notably, Run This Town" was nominated for Best Rap Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 52nd Grammy Awards in 2010. It eventually won both awards, marking Jay-Z's tenth and Rihanna's third and Kanye West's fourteenth win at the ceremony awards in total. The song also managed to win an Emmy Award for 'Outstanding Music Composition/Direction/Lyrics' during Super Bowl XLIV. [15] Year Ceremony Award Result 2010 52nd Grammy Awards [16] Best Rap/Sung Collaboration Won Best Rap Song BET Hip-Hop Awards [17] Best Hip-Hop Video Nominated International Dance Music Awards [18] Best Hip-Hop Dance Track People's Choice Awards [19] Favourite Music Collaboration 2011 Black Reel Awards [20] Best Original or Adapted Song Chart performance [ edit] Run This Town" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 88. Following its digital release and debut at number three on the Digital Songs chart, it soared from number 66 to three in its third week on the Hot 100 for the week ending August 16, 2009. [21] The song eventually peaked at number two behind The Black Eyed Peas I Gotta Feeling, marking Jay-Z's second-highest charting song of his career as a lead artist. "Run This Town" reached number one on the Rap Songs chart on the date issued September 26, 2009, climbing from number four the previous week. [22] It remained atop the chart for seven consecutive weeks. [23] It also made an appearance on the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at number three. [23] Despite its genre of hip hop and R&B, the song managed to debut at number 38 on the Pop Songs chart on the issue dated September 12, 2009. [24] It eventually reached the top ten at number eight. [25] Run This Town" additionally peaked at numbers two and three on the Radio Songs and Digital Songs charts. [25] As of June 2015, the song has sold 3, 490, 000 digital copies in the United States. [26] In Australia, Run This Town" entered the Australian Singles Chart at number 35 on September 6, 2009. The following week it fell to number 39 but rebounded to a new peak of 25 in its third week. It reached the top ten of the chart on October 11, 2009, and made its peak of number nine in its seventh week. [27] It has been certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association, denoting sales of 70, 000 copies. [28] In New Zealand, Run This Town" debuted at number fourteen on the New Zealand Singles Chart on September 14, 2009, climbing to number ten the following week. In its third week, it fell to number thirteen but regained its peak position for the three weeks after. In its seventh total week on the chart, it made a new peak of number nine. [29] It has received a Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand, for sales of 7, 500 copies. [30] In Canada, the song peaked at number six on the Canadian Hot 100. [31] In the United Kingdom, Run This Town" entered at number one on the UK Singles Chart on September 6, 2009 ― for the week ending date September 12, 2009 ― with sales of 62, 000 copies. [32] The feat gave Jay-Z his first number one single in Britain as a lead artist and fourth overall, following his feature on Rihanna's " Umbrella. 2007) and his wife Beyoncé 's " Déjà Vu. 2006) and " Crazy in Love. 2003. It marked the third number one singles in that country for both Rihanna and Kanye West. For Rihanna, Run This Town" gave her number ones one the chart in three consecutive years, following " Take a Bow. 2008) and "Umbrella" 33] and followed West's chart leaders " American Boy " featuring Estelle (2008) and " Stronger. 2007. 34] 35] Throughout the rest of Europe, the song also performed well, reaching the top five in Ireland [36] and Norway [37] and the top ten in the Czech Republic, 38] Sweden [39] and Switzerland. [40] It also reached the top twenty in Denmark [41] and Germany. [42] Music video [ edit] The video for "Run This Town" was directed by Anthony Mandler and was filmed on August 6, 2009 at Fort Totten Park in New York City. Mandler explained the production behind the video saying: There's a tone and feeling to the song, there's a militia, a march and a kind of rambunctious energy to it that, for me, I immediately wanted to tap into. I showed [Jay] some references from the classic rebellious zones of the world. We live in very orderly society in America, but when you get into Brazil, you get into the Middle East, you get into Africa, you get into Eastern Europe, when you get into places like that, there's a different sort of 'we run this town' going on. There's less order and more chaos. So we looked at a lot of those references, new photos and historical photos, to capture that kind of falling-apart feeling. We wanted you to feel uneasy throughout the piece. he said. "We wanted there to be a constant layer of tension through the piece. Even in the way I shot — where the camera comes by Jay, it doesn't stop on him, it goes to Rihanna — there's kind of this chaos of revealing and covering and concealing. And things happen offscreen that you don't see. I think people are really gonna flip on this. The video was leaked on August 19, 2009, by MTV Germany. It premiered officially on August 20 on MTV, as well other MTV channels across the world. The video was released to iTunes on August 25, 2009. Synopsis and reception [ edit] The music video involves crowds of protesters in masks, holding torches whilst walking. Rihanna takes a bandanna from covering her mouth and performs the intro of the song in a park area with explosions firing around her. Jay-Z then begins the second verse while in a temple-like area. Kanye West sings his verse in a cave-like area holding a torch and having a bandanna cover his face like Jay-Z and Rihanna. Throughout the video, the trio are on a stage platform with the mob of protesters previously shown surrounding them. Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone called the video, a civilization that takes Jigga's lyrical motif of 'all black everything' very seriously. He further added, When we first heard 'Run This Town' we pictured Jay-Z and his posse staging a siege on Manhattan, or at least going to all the VIP spots most civilians only dream about like in the " D. (Death of Autotune. video. Instead, we're introduced to a Mad Max -like landscape full of proto-biker gear, torches, face scarves and bombed-out buildings. Jay-Z and his gang of ruffians actually look like they're on a mission to slay Auto-Tune. Also, according to the video, Rihanna is the only female to survive the apocalypse, and West's verse about Reeboks, Rav4s and girls with two bee stings seem starkly out of place in the dismal future. 43] It ranked at number eleven on BET 's Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2009 countdown. Remixes and cover versions [ edit] On July 20, 2010, an orchestrated version of "Run This Town" created by E. S. Posthumus was officially released to US iTunes under the Roc Nation imprint, in its studio format. This was eventually played before Super Bowl XLIV and Nashville Predators playoff games. [44] Metalcore band Miss May I covered this song for the compilation album Punk Goes Pop Volume 03. citation needed] Lil Wayne freestyled "Run This Town" on his highly acclaimed mixtape No Ceilings. Usage in media [ edit] Run this Town" has been used in the video game NBA 2K13. [45] The song featured in the teaser trailer for 2013 video game Battlefield 4. It was to be included in coverage of Thursday Night Football on CBS and the NFL Network in 2014, however, it was pulled from the opening segment in the first broadcast in the wake of a domestic violence controversy involving NFL player Ray Rice. [46] 47] After Rihanna took to Twitter to complain, the song was removed from further games. [48] The song was performed at the closing ceremony at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London with British rock band Coldplay and Rihanna Track listing [ edit] Digital download [49] Run This Town" featuring Rihanna and Kanye West) – 4:34 CD single [50] D. (Death of Auto-Tune. – 4:15 Charts and certifications [ edit] Release history [ edit] References [ edit] Herrera, Monica (2009-08-08. Run This Town. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 14, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-09... Archived from the original on 2013-04-04. ^ Eng, Joyce (2009-08-07. Rihanna, Jay-Z and Kanye West to Kick Off Jay Leno Show. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2009-08-09. dead link] Hayden, Samantha (2009-08-06. Jay-Z, Rihanna, Kanye To Welcome Jay Leno To Primetime. Billboard. Nielsen Business Meida, Inc. Retrieved 2009-08-09. ^ Kanye West's 50 Beats for Other Artists. 2012-11-17. Retrieved 2012-09-18. ^ Reid, Shaheem (2009-07-22. Jay-Z Denies Blackballing Chris Brown From BET Awards. MTV. Retrieved 2009-07-30. ^ Reid, Shaheem (2009-07-24. Jay-Z's 'Run This Town' Makes Radio Debut. Retrieved 2009-07-30. ^ a b "R&R: Going For Adds: Urban. R&R. Archived from love the original on 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2009-08-12. ^ a b Lewis, Pete (2009-08-20. Jay-Z: A B&S Classic Interview December 1998. Blues & Soul. B&S. Retrieved 2009-09-03. ^ Kreps, Daniel (2009-07-24. Rihanna Returns and Kanye West Shines on Jay-Z's "Run This Town. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2009-08-09. ^ Listen: Jay-Z: Run This Town [ft. Rihanna & Kanye West. Pitchfork Media. 2012-04-09. Retrieved 2009-07-24. ^ Run This Town Music Review. 2009-09-19. Retrieved 2009-09-19. ^ Top 25 Pop Artists Right Now. Retrieved 2009-09-19. ^ Run This Town. DigitalSpy. Retrieved 2009-09-19. ^ Jay-Z Wins Emmy for "Run This Town. 2011-05-03. ^ Nominees And Winners. Grammys. Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. ^ 2010 BET Hip-Hop Awards Nominees. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2012-04-09. ^ International Dance Music Awards at WMC – Winners Announced. Archived from the original on 2010-03-29. ^ Full List of People's Choice Awards 2010 Winners. The Hollywood Gossip. 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2010-01-07. ^ Black Reel Awards. IMDB. ^ Grein, Paul (August 9, 2009. Week Ending Aug. 16, 2009: King Of Country Boots King Of Pop – Chart Watch. Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-18. ^ Billboard Magazine - 26 Sep 2009. November 17, 2012. Retrieved 2009-09-26. ^ a b "Billboard Magazine - 24 Oct 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24. ^ Billboard Magazine - 12 Sep 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-12. ^ a b "Jay-Z Album & Song Chart History – Billboard. November 17, 2012. ^ a b Trust, Gary (June 23, 2015. Ask Billboard: Rihanna's Best-Selling Songs & Albums. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 23, 2015. ^ JAY-Z / RIHANNA / KANYE WEST – RUN THIS TOWN (SONG. Retrieved 2009-09-06. ^ a b "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2010 Singles. Australian Recording Industry Association. September 30, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-13. ^ JAY-Z / RIHANNA / KANYE WEST – RUN THIS TOWN (SONG. Retrieved 2009-09-14. ^ a b "Latest Gold / Platinum Singles. RadioScope. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2010-10-13. ^ Jay-Z Album & Song Chart History – Billboard. November 17, 2012. ^ Pandora Archive. 2006-08-23. Retrieved 2009-09-18. ^ Rihanna scores a record sixth Number 1. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2011-10-09. ^ UK Singles Chart. BBC. Archived from the original on 27 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-20. ^ Kanye claims first UK number one. 2007-08-19. Retrieved 2012-11-17... IRMA. Irish Charts – Singles, Albums & Compilations. 2009-09-10. Archived from the original on 2002-05-28. Retrieved 2009-09-18. ^ JAY-Z / RIHANNA / KANYE WEST – RUN THIS TOWN (SONG. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ a b "RADIO TOP100 Oficiální JAY-Z FEAT. RIHANNA & KANYE WEST. IFPI. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ JAY-Z / RIHANNA / KANYE WEST – RUN THIS TOWN (SONG. Retrieved 2009-08-28. ^ JAY-Z / RIHANNA / KANYE WEST – RUN THIS TOWN (SONG. Retrieved 2009-09-13. ^ Single – Jay-Z / Rihanna / Kanye West, Run This Town. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ Jay-Z, Rihanna, Kanye West's Dark "Run This Town" Video Debuts. Daniel Kreps. Retrieved 2009-08-20. ^ Run This Town / Posthumus Zone (Medley) – Single by Jay-Z, Rihanna & E. Posthumus – Download Run This Town / Posthumus Zone (Medley) – Single on iTunes. iTunes Store. 2010-07-20. Retrieved 2011-08-17. ^ Michelle Balsan (2 August 2012. NBA 2K13 Soundtrack Revealed. True Achievements. Retrieved 31 January 2020. ^ CBS announces changes to TNF coverage in wake of Ray Rice saga. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 11 September 2014. ^ The Ray-Riceless Ravens are playing Pittsburgh tonight. The opening act is Rihanna. The Washington Post. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2014. ^ Rihanna Dropped From Thursday Night Football After She Slams NFL and CBS. Time. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014. ^ Run This Town (feat. Rihanna and Kanye West) – Single. iTunes US. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ Run This Town (2track) Music... – Jay-Z / Rihanna / Kanye West – Run This Town. ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 2010-09-07... – Jay-Z / Rihanna / Kanye West – Run This Town" in German. Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 2010-09-07... – Jay-Z / Rihanna / Kanye West – Run This Town" in Dutch. Ultratop 50. Retrieved 2010-09-07... – Jay-Z / Rihanna / Kanye West – Run This Town" in French. Retrieved 2010-09-07. ^ Jay-Z Chart History (Canadian Hot 100. Retrieved 2010-09-07... Jay-Z, Rihanna & Kanya West: Run This Town" in Finnish. Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 2013-08-29... – Jay-Z / Rihanna / Kanye West – Run This Town. Tracklisten. Retrieved 2010-09-07... – Jay-Z / Rihanna / Kanye West – Run This Town. GfK Entertainment Charts... Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" in Hungarian. Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége... The Irish Charts – Search Results – Run This Town. Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved January 26, 2020... Jay-Z feat. Rihanna and Kanye West – Run This Town Media Forest. Israeli Airplay Chart. Media Forest... Nederlandse Top 40 – week 43, 2009. in Dutch. Dutch Top 40 ^ JAY-Z / RIHANNA / KANYE WEST – RUN THIS TOWN (NUMMER. Retrieved 2009-09-26... – Jay-Z / Rihanna / Kanye West – Run This Town. Top 40 Singles. VG-lista. Retrieved 2010-09-07. ^ RADIO TOP100 Oficiálna JAY-Z FEAT. Retrieved 2009-09-07... – Jay-Z / Rihanna / Kanye West – Run This Town. Singles Top 100. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 2010-09-07. ^ Jay-z Ft Rihanna & Kanye West: Artist Chart History. Retrieved 2010-09-07. ^ Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40. Retrieved 15 December 2019. ^ Jay-Z Chart History (Hot 100. Retrieved 2010-09-07. ^ Jay-Z Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. Retrieved 2010-09-07. ^ Jay-Z Chart History (Hot Rap Songs. Retrieved 2010-09-07. ^ Jay-Z Chart History (Pop Songs. Retrieved 2010-09-07. ^ Jay-Z Chart History (Rhythmic. Retrieved 2010-09-07. ^ Myers, Justin (January 30, 2016. Rihanna's Official Top 40 biggest selling singles. Retrieved January 30, 2016. ^ British single certifications – Jay-Z – Run This Town. British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved August 19, 2015. Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Type Run This Town in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter. ^ American single certifications – Jay-Z – Run This Town. Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH. ^ Top 100 singles of the noughties. The Advertiser. January 7, 2010. ^ 2009 ARIA Urban Singles Chart. ARIA Charts. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019. ^ Canadian Hot 100 – Year-End 2009. Retrieved 2019-08-20. ^ Éves összesített listák – MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 (súlyozott. Mahasz. ^ Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2009. Top 40. Retrieved 2019-11-17. ^ Årslista Singlar – År 2009" in Swedish. Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 2019-11-17. ^ 2009 Year End Swiss Singles Chart. Swiss Music Charts. 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-16. ^ Charts Plus Year end 2009" PDF. Charts Plus. Retrieved 2010-07-19. ^ Year End Charts Hot 100 Songs. Retrieved 2011-03-25. ^ Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 2009. Retrieved 2019-11-17. ^ Rhythmic Songs – Year-End 2009. Retrieved 2019-11-17. ^ Run This Town (feat. Rihanna & Kanye West) – Single. iTunes Australia. Retrieved 2009-08-10. ^ Run This Town (feat. iTunes Austria. iTunes Belgium. iTunes Brazil. iTunes Canada. iTunes Denmark. iTunes Finland. iTunes France. iTunes Germany. iTunes Ireland. iTunes Italy. iTunes Mexico. iTunes Netherlands. iTunes New Zealand. iTunes Norway. iTunes Sweden. iTunes Switzerland. iTunes UK. Retrieved 2009-08-10. ^ Lewis, Pete. "Run This Town (2track) Single. Retrieved 2009-09-09. External links [ edit] Run This Town" Music video at MTV Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics.
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Photography free lessons. Photography Lens and mounting of a large-format camera Other names Science or art of creating durable images Types Recording light or other electromagnetic radiation Inventor Thomas Wedgwood (1800) Related Stereoscopic, Full-spectrum, Light field, Electrophotography, Photograms, Scanner Photography is the art, application and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. It is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing (e. g., photolithography) and business, as well as its more direct uses for art, film and video production, recreational purposes, hobby, and mass communication. [1] Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic image sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel, which is electronically processed and stored in a digital image file for subsequent display or processing. The result with photographic emulsion is an invisible latent image, which is later chemically "developed" into a visible image, either negative or positive depending on the purpose of the photographic material and the method of processing. A negative image on film is traditionally used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print, either by using an enlarger or by contact printing. Etymology [ edit] The word "photography" was created from the Greek roots φωτός ( phōtos) genitive of φῶς ( phōs. light" 2] and γραφή ( graphé) representation by means of lines" or "drawing. 3] together meaning "drawing with light. 4] Several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently. Hercules Florence, a French painter and inventor living in Campinas, Brazil, used the French form of the word, photographie, in private notes which a Brazilian historian believes were written in 1834. [5] This claim is widely reported but is not yet largely recognized internationally. The first use of the word by the Franco-Brazilian inventor became widely known after the research of Boris Kossoy in 1980. [6] The German newspaper Vossische Zeitung of 25 February 1839 contained an article entitled Photographie, discussing several priority claims – especially Henry Fox Talbot 's – regarding Daguerre's claim of invention. [7] The article is the earliest known occurrence of the word in public print. [8] It was signed "J. M. believed to have been Berlin astronomer Johann von Maedler. [9] The astronomer Sir John Herschel is also credited with coining the word, independent of Talbot, in 1839. [10] The inventors Nicéphore Niépce, Henry Fox Talbot and Louis Daguerre seem not to have known or used the word "photography" but referred to their processes as "Heliography" Niépce. Photogenic Drawing" Talbotype" Calotype" Talbot) and "Daguerreotype" Daguerre. 9] History [ edit] Precursor technologies [ edit] A camera obscura used for drawing Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, relating to seeing an image and capturing the image. The discovery of the camera obscura ( dark chamber" in Latin) that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid independently described a camera obscura in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. [11] 12] In the 6th century CE, Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments. [13] The Arab physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) 965–1040) also invented a camera obscura as well as the first true pinhole camera. [12] 14] 15] The invention of the camera has been traced back to the work of Ibn al-Haytham. [16] While the effects of a single light passing through a pinhole had been described earlier, 16] Ibn al-Haytham gave the first correct analysis of the camera obscura, 17] including the first geometrical and quantitative descriptions of the phenomenon, 18] and was the first to use a screen in a dark room so that an image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected onto a screen on the other side. [19] He also first understood the relationship between the focal point and the pinhole, 20] and performed early experiments with afterimages, laying the foundations for the invention of photography in the 19th century. [15] Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camera obscura that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley. A hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. Renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. It is a box with a hole in it which allows light to go through and create an image onto the piece of paper. The birth of photography was then concerned with inventing means to capture and keep the image produced by the camera obscura. Albertus Magnus (1193–1280) discovered silver nitrate, 21] and Georg Fabricius (1516–1571) discovered silver chloride, 22] and the techniques described in Ibn al-Haytham 's Book of Optics are capable of producing primitive photographs using medieval materials. [23] 24] Daniele Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1566. [25] Wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) in 1694. [26] The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, described what can be interpreted as photography. [25] Around the year 1800, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance. He used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate. Although he succeeded in capturing the shadows of objects placed on the surface in direct sunlight, and even made shadow copies of paintings on glass, it was reported in 1802 that "the images formed by means of a camera obscura have been found too faint to produce, in any moderate time, an effect upon the nitrate of silver. The shadow images eventually darkened all over. [27] Invention [ edit] Earliest known surviving heliographic engraving, 1825, printed from a metal plate made by Nicéphore Niépce. [28] The plate was exposed under an ordinary engraving and copied it by photographic means. This was a step towards the first permanent photograph taken with a camera. The first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it. [28] Niépce was successful again in 1825. In 1826 or 1827, he made the View from the Window at Le Gras, the earliest surviving photograph from nature (i. e., of the image of a real-world scene, as formed in a camera obscura by a lens. 29] Because Niépce's camera photographs required an extremely long exposure (at least eight hours and probably several days) he sought to greatly improve his bitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. In partnership with Louis Daguerre, he worked out post-exposure processing methods that produced visually superior results and replaced the bitumen with a more light-sensitive resin, but hours of exposure in the camera were still required. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy. Niépce died in 1833 and Daguerre then redirected the experiments toward the light-sensitive silver halides, which Niépce had abandoned many years earlier because of his inability to make the images he captured with them light-fast and permanent. Daguerre's efforts culminated in what would later be named the daguerreotype process. The essential elements—a silver-plated surface sensitized by iodine vapor, developed by mercury vapor, and "fixed" with hot saturated salt water—were in place in 1837. The required exposure time was measured in minutes instead of hours. Daguerre took the earliest confirmed photograph of a person in 1838 while capturing a view of a Paris street: unlike the other pedestrian and horse-drawn traffic on the busy boulevard, which appears deserted, one man having his boots polished stood sufficiently still throughout the several-minutes-long exposure to be visible. The existence of Daguerre's process was publicly announced, without details, on 7 January 1839. The news created an international sensation. France soon agreed to pay Daguerre a pension in exchange for the right to present his invention to the world as the gift of France, which occurred when complete working instructions were unveiled on 19 August 1839. In that same year, American photographer Robert Cornelius is credited with taking the earliest surviving photographic self-portrait. A latticed window in Lacock Abbey, England, photographed by William Fox Talbot in 1835. Shown here in positive form, this may be the oldest extant photographic negative made in a camera. In Brazil, Hercules Florence had apparently started working out a silver-salt-based paper process in 1832, later naming it Photographie. Meanwhile, a British inventor, William Fox Talbot, had succeeded in making crude but reasonably light-fast silver images on paper as early as 1834 but had kept his work secret. After reading about Daguerre's invention in January 1839, Talbot published his hitherto secret method and set about improving on it. At first, like other pre-daguerreotype processes, Talbot's paper-based photography typically required hours-long exposures in the camera, but in 1840 he created the calotype process, which used the chemical development of a latent image to greatly reduce the exposure needed and compete with the daguerreotype. In both its original and calotype forms, Talbot's process, unlike Daguerre's, created a translucent negative which could be used to print multiple positive copies; this is the basis of most modern chemical photography up to the present day, as daguerreotypes could only be replicated by rephotographing them with a camera. [30] Talbot's famous tiny paper negative of the Oriel window in Lacock Abbey, one of a number of camera photographs he made in the summer of 1835, may be the oldest camera negative in existence. [31] 32] In France, Hippolyte Bayard invented his own process for producing direct positive paper prints and claimed to have invented photography earlier than Daguerre or Talbot. [33] British chemist John Herschel made many contributions to the new field. He invented the cyanotype process, later familiar as the "blueprint. He was the first to use the terms "photography. negative" and "positive. He had discovered in 1819 that sodium thiosulphate was a solvent of silver halides, and in 1839 he informed Talbot (and, indirectly, Daguerre) that it could be used to "fix" silver-halide-based photographs and make them completely light-fast. He made the first glass negative in late 1839. In the March 1851 issue of The Chemist, Frederick Scott Archer published his wet plate collodion process. It became the most widely used photographic medium until the gelatin dry plate, introduced in the 1870s, eventually replaced it. There are three subsets to the collodion process; the Ambrotype (a positive image on glass) the Ferrotype or Tintype (a positive image on metal) and the glass negative, which was used to make positive prints on albumen or salted paper. Many advances in photographic glass plates and printing were made during the rest of the 19th century. In 1891, Gabriel Lippmann introduced a process for making natural-color photographs based on the optical phenomenon of the interference of light waves. His scientifically elegant and important but ultimately impractical invention earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1908. Glass plates were the medium for most original camera photography from the late 1850s until the general introduction of flexible plastic films during the 1890s. Although the convenience of the film greatly popularized amateur photography, early films were somewhat more expensive and of markedly lower optical quality than their glass plate equivalents, and until the late 1910s they were not available in the large formats preferred by most professional photographers, so the new medium did not immediately or completely replace the old. Because of the superior dimensional stability of glass, the use of plates for some scientific applications, such as astrophotography, continued into the 1990s, and in the niche field of laser holography, it has persisted into the 2010s. Film [ edit] Undeveloped Arista black-and-white film, ISO 125/22 Hurter and Driffield began pioneering work on the light sensitivity of photographic emulsions in 1876. Their work enabled the first quantitative measure of film speed to be devised. The first flexible photographic roll film was marketed by George Eastman, founder of Kodak in 1885, but this original "film" was actually a coating on a paper base. As part of the processing, the image-bearing layer was stripped from the paper and transferred to a hardened gelatin support. The first transparent plastic roll film followed in 1889. It was made from highly flammable nitrocellulose. celluloid. now usually called " nitrate film. Although cellulose acetate or " safety film " had been introduced by Kodak in 1908, 34] at first it found only a few special applications as an alternative to the hazardous nitrate film, which had the advantages of being considerably tougher, slightly more transparent, and cheaper. The changeover was not completed for X-ray films until 1933, and although safety film was always used for 16 mm and 8 mm home movies, nitrate film remained standard for theatrical 35 mm motion pictures until it was finally discontinued in 1951. Films remained the dominant form of photography until the early 21st century when advances in digital photography drew consumers to digital formats. [35] Although modern photography is dominated by digital users, film continues to be used by enthusiasts and professional photographers. The distinctive "look" of film based photographs compared to digital images is likely due to a combination of factors, including: 1) differences in spectral and tonal sensitivity (S-shaped density-to-exposure (H&D curve) with film vs. linear response curve for digital CCD sensors) 36] 2) resolution and (3) continuity of tone. [37] Black-and-white [ edit] Originally, all photography was monochrome, or black-and-white. Even after color film was readily available, black-and-white photography continued to dominate for decades, due to its lower cost and its "classic" photographic look. The tones and contrast between light and dark areas define black-and-white photography. [38] It is important to note that monochromatic pictures are not necessarily composed of pure blacks, whites, and intermediate shades of gray but can involve shades of one particular hue depending on the process. The cyanotype process, for example, produces an image composed of blue tones. The albumen print process first used more than 170 years ago, produces brownish tones. Many photographers continue to produce some monochrome images, sometimes because of the established archival permanence of well-processed silver-halide-based materials. Some full-color digital images are processed using a variety of techniques to create black-and-white results, and some manufacturers produce digital cameras that exclusively shoot monochrome. Monochrome printing or electronic display can be used to salvage certain photographs taken in color which are unsatisfactory in their original form; sometimes when presented as black-and-white or single-color-toned images they are found to be more effective. Although color photography has long predominated, monochrome images are still produced, mostly for artistic reasons. Almost all digital cameras have an option to shoot in monochrome, and almost all image editing software can combine or selectively discard RGB color channels to produce a monochrome image from one shot in color. Color [ edit] Color photography was explored beginning in the 1840s. Early experiments in color required extremely long exposures (hours or days for camera images) and could not "fix" the photograph to prevent the color from quickly fading when exposed to white light. The first permanent color photograph was taken in 1861 using the three-color-separation principle first published by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1855. [39] 40] The foundation of virtually all practical color processes, Maxwell's idea was to take three separate black-and-white photographs through red, green and blue filters. [39] 40] This provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image. Transparent prints of the images could be projected through similar color filters and superimposed on the projection screen, an additive method of color reproduction. A color print on paper could be produced by superimposing carbon prints of the three images made in their complementary colors, a subtractive method of color reproduction pioneered by Louis Ducos du Hauron in the late 1860s. Color photography was possible long before Kodachrome, as this 1903 portrait by Sarah Angelina Acland demonstrates, but in its earliest years, the need for special equipment, long exposures, and complicated printing processes made it extremely rare. Russian photographer Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii made extensive use of this color separation technique, employing a special camera which successively exposed the three color-filtered images on different parts of an oblong plate. Because his exposures were not simultaneous, unsteady subjects exhibited color "fringes" or, if rapidly moving through the scene, appeared as brightly colored ghosts in the resulting projected or printed images. Implementation of color photography was hindered by the limited sensitivity of early photographic materials, which were mostly sensitive to blue, only slightly sensitive to green, and virtually insensitive to red. The discovery of dye sensitization by photochemist Hermann Vogel in 1873 suddenly made it possible to add sensitivity to green, yellow and even red. Improved color sensitizers and ongoing improvements in the overall sensitivity of emulsions steadily reduced the once-prohibitive long exposure times required for color, bringing it ever closer to commercial viability. Autochrome, the first commercially successful color process, was introduced by the Lumière brothers in 1907. Autochrome plates incorporated a mosaic color filter layer made of dyed grains of potato starch, which allowed the three color components to be recorded as adjacent microscopic image fragments. After an Autochrome plate was reversal processed to produce a positive transparency, the starch grains served to illuminate each fragment with the correct color and the tiny colored points blended together in the eye, synthesizing the color of the subject by the additive method. Autochrome plates were one of several varieties of additive color screen plates and films marketed between the 1890s and the 1950s. Kodachrome, the first modern "integral tripack" or "monopack" color film, was introduced by Kodak in 1935. It captured the three color components in a multi-layer emulsion. One layer was sensitized to record the red-dominated part of the spectrum, another layer recorded only the green part and a third recorded only the blue. Without special film processing, the result would simply be three superimposed black-and-white images, but complementary cyan, magenta, and yellow dye images were created in those layers by adding color couplers during a complex processing procedure. Agfa's similarly structured Agfacolor Neu was introduced in 1936. Unlike Kodachrome, the color couplers in Agfacolor Neu were incorporated into the emulsion layers during manufacture, which greatly simplified the processing. Currently, available color films still employ a multi-layer emulsion and the same principles, most closely resembling Agfa's product. Instant color film, used in a special camera which yielded a unique finished color print only a minute or two after the exposure, was introduced by Polaroid in 1963. Color photography may form images as positive transparencies, which can be used in a slide projector, or as color negatives intended for use in creating positive color enlargements on specially coated paper. The latter is now the most common form of film (non-digital) color photography owing to the introduction of automated photo printing equipment. After a transition period centered around 1995–2005, color film was relegated to a niche market by inexpensive multi-megapixel digital cameras. Film continues to be the preference of some photographers because of its distinctive "look. Digital [ edit] Kodak DCS 100, based on a Nikon F3 body with Digital Storage Unit In 1981, Sony unveiled the first consumer camera to use a charge-coupled device for imaging, eliminating the need for film: the Sony Mavica. While the Mavica saved images to disk, the images were displayed on television, and the camera was not fully digital. The first digital camera to both record and save images in a digital format was the Fujix DS-1P created by Fujfilm in 1988. [41] In 1991, Kodak unveiled the DCS 100, the first commercially available digital single lens reflex camera. Although its high cost precluded uses other than photojournalism and professional photography, commercial digital photography was born. Digital imaging uses an electronic image sensor to record the image as a set of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film. [42] An important difference between digital and chemical photography is that chemical photography resists photo manipulation because it involves film and photographic paper, while digital imaging is a highly manipulative medium. This difference allows for a degree of image post-processing that is comparatively difficult in film-based photography and permits different communicative potentials and applications. Digital photography dominates the 21st century. More than 99% of photographs taken around the world are through digital cameras, increasingly through smartphones. Synthesis [ edit] Synthesis photography is part of computer-generated imagery (CGI) where the shooting process is modeled on real photography. The CGI, creating digital copies of real universe, requires a visual representation process of these universes. Synthesis photography is the application of analog and digital photography in digital space. With the characteristics of the real photography but not being constrained by the physical limits of real world, synthesis photography allows artists to move into areas beyond the grasp of real photography. [43] Techniques [ edit] Angles such as vertical, horizontal, or as pictured here diagonal are considered important photographic techniques A large variety of photographic techniques and media are used in the process of capturing images for photography. These include the camera; stereoscopy; dualphotography; full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared media; light field photography; and other imaging techniques. Cameras [ edit] The camera is the image-forming device, and a photographic plate, photographic film or a silicon electronic image sensor is the capture medium. The respective recording medium can be the plate or film itself, or a digital magnetic or electronic memory. [44] Photographers control the camera and lens to "expose" the light recording material to the required amount of light to form a " latent image. on plate or film) or RAW file (in digital cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image. Digital cameras use an electronic image sensor based on light-sensitive electronics such as charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The resulting digital image is stored electronically, but can be reproduced on a paper. The camera (or ' camera obscura. is a dark room or chamber from which, as far as possible, all light is excluded except the light that forms the image. It was discovered and used in the 16th century by painters. The subject being photographed, however, must be illuminated. Cameras can range from small to very large, a whole room that is kept dark while the object to be photographed is in another room where it is properly illuminated. This was common for reproduction photography of flat copy when large film negatives were used (see Process camera. As soon as photographic materials became "fast" sensitive) enough for taking candid or surreptitious pictures, small "detective" cameras were made, some actually disguised as a book or handbag or pocket watch (the Ticka camera) or even worn hidden behind an Ascot necktie with a tie pin that was really the lens. The movie camera is a type of photographic camera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on recording medium. In contrast to a still camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time, the movie camera takes a series of images, each called a "frame. This is accomplished through an intermittent mechanism. The frames are later played back in a movie projector at a specific speed, called the "frame rate" number of frames per second. While viewing, a person's eyes and brain merge the separate pictures to create the illusion of motion. [45] Stereoscopic [ edit] Photographs, both monochrome and color, can be captured and displayed through two side-by-side images that emulate human stereoscopic vision. Stereoscopic photography was the first that captured figures in motion. [46] While known colloquially as "3-D" photography, the more accurate term is stereoscopy. Such cameras have long been realized by using film and more recently in digital electronic methods (including cell phone cameras. Dualphotography [ edit] An example of a dualphoto using a smartphone based app Dualphotography consists of photographing a scene from both sides of a photographic device at once (e. g. camera for back-to-back dualphotography, or two networked cameras for portal-plane dualphotography. The dualphoto apparatus can be used to simultaneously capture both the subject and the photographer, or both sides of a geographical place at once, thus adding a supplementary narrative layer to that of a single image. [47] Full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared [ edit] Ultraviolet and infrared films have been available for many decades and employed in a variety of photographic avenues since the 1960s. New technological trends in digital photography have opened a new direction in full spectrum photography, where careful filtering choices across the ultraviolet, visible and infrared lead to new artistic visions. Modified digital cameras can detect some ultraviolet, all of the visible and much of the near infrared spectrum, as most digital imaging sensors are sensitive from about 350 nm to 1000 nm. An off-the-shelf digital camera contains an infrared hot mirror filter that blocks most of the infrared and a bit of the ultraviolet that would otherwise be detected by the sensor, narrowing the accepted range from about 400 nm to 700 nm. [48] Replacing a hot mirror or infrared blocking filter with an infrared pass or a wide spectrally transmitting filter allows the camera to detect the wider spectrum light at greater sensitivity. Without the hot-mirror, the red, green and blue (or cyan, yellow and magenta) colored micro-filters placed over the sensor elements pass varying amounts of ultraviolet (blue window) and infrared (primarily red and somewhat lesser the green and blue micro-filters. Uses of full spectrum photography are for fine art photography, geology, forensics and law enforcement. Light field [ edit] Digital methods of image capture and display processing have enabled the new technology of "light field photography" also known as synthetic aperture photography. This process allows focusing at various depths of field to be selected after the photograph has been captured. [49] As explained by Michael Faraday in 1846, the " light field " is understood as 5-dimensional, with each point in 3-D space having attributes of two more angles that define the direction of each ray passing through that point. These additional vector attributes can be captured optically through the use of microlenses at each pixel point within the 2-dimensional image sensor. Every pixel of the final image is actually a selection from each sub-array located under each microlens, as identified by a post-image capture focus algorithm. Other [ edit] Besides the camera, other methods of forming images with light are available. For instance, a photocopy or xerography machine forms permanent images but uses the transfer of static electrical charges rather than photographic medium, hence the term electrophotography. Photograms are images produced by the shadows of objects cast on the photographic paper, without the use of a camera. Objects can also be placed directly on the glass of an image scanner to produce digital pictures. Types of photography [ edit] Amateur [ edit] An amateur photographer is one who practices photography as a hobby / passion and not necessarily for profit. The quality of some amateur work is comparable to that of many professionals and may be highly specialized or eclectic in choice of subjects. Amateur photography is often pre-eminent in photographic subjects which have little prospect of commercial use or reward. Amateur photography grew during the late 19th century due to the popularization of the hand-held camera. [50] Nowadays it has spread widely through social media and is carried out throughout different platforms and equipment, switching to the use of cell phone. Good pictures can now be taken with a cell phone which is a key tool for making photography more accessible to everyone. [51] Commercial [ edit] Commercial photography is probably best defined as any photography for which the photographer is paid for images rather than works of art. In this light, money could be paid for the subject of the photograph or the photograph itself. Wholesale, retail, and professional uses of photography would fall under this definition. The commercial photographic world could include: Advertising photography: photographs made to illustrate and usually sell a service or product. These images, such as packshots, are generally done with an advertising agency, design firm or with an in-house corporate design team. Fashion and glamour photography usually incorporates models and is a form of advertising photography. Fashion photography, like the work featured in Harper's Bazaar, emphasizes clothes and other products; glamour emphasizes the model and body form. Glamour photography is popular in advertising and men's magazines. Models in glamour photography sometimes work nude. 360 product photography displays a series of photos to give the impression of a rotating object. This technique is commonly used by ecommerce websites to help shoppers visualise products. Concert photography focuses on capturing candid images of both the artist or band as well as the atmosphere (including the crowd. Many of these photographers work freelance and are contracted through an artist or their management to cover a specific show. Concert photographs are often used to promote the artist or band in addition to the venue. Crime scene photography consists of photographing scenes of crime such as robberies and murders. A black and white camera or an infrared camera may be used to capture specific details. Still life photography usually depicts inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which may be either natural or man-made. Still life is a broader category for food and some natural photography and can be used for advertising purposes. Real Estate photography focuses on the production of photographs showcasing a property that is for sale, such photographs requires the use of wide-lens and extensive knowledge in High-dynamic-range imaging photography. Example of a studio-made food photograph. Food photography can be used for editorial, packaging or advertising use. Food photography is similar to still life photography but requires some special skills. Photojournalism can be considered a subset of editorial photography. Photographs made in this context are accepted as a documentation of a news story. Paparazzi is a form of photojournalism in which the photographer captures candid images of athletes, celebrities, politicians, and other prominent people. Portrait and wedding photography: photographs made and sold directly to the end user of the images. Landscape photography depicts locations. Wildlife photography demonstrates the life of animals. Art [ edit] During the 20th century, both fine art photography and documentary photography became accepted by the English-speaking art world and the gallery system. In the United States, a handful of photographers, including Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, John Szarkowski, F. Holland Day, and Edward Weston, spent their lives advocating for photography as a fine art. At first, fine art photographers tried to imitate painting styles. This movement is called Pictorialism, often using soft focus for a dreamy, romantic' look. In reaction to that, Weston, Ansel Adams, and others formed the Group f/64 to advocate ' straight photography. the photograph as a (sharply focused) thing in itself and not an imitation of something else. The aesthetics of photography is a matter that continues to be discussed regularly, especially in artistic circles. Many artists argued that photography was the mechanical reproduction of an image. If photography is authentically art, then photography in the context of art would need redefinition, such as determining what component of a photograph makes it beautiful to the viewer. The controversy began with the earliest images "written with light" Nicéphore Niépce, Louis Daguerre, and others among the very earliest photographers were met with acclaim, but some questioned if their work met the definitions and purposes of art. Clive Bell in his classic essay Art states that only "significant form" can distinguish art from what is not art. There must be some one quality without which a work of art cannot exist; possessing which, in the least degree, no work is altogether worthless. What is this quality? What quality is shared by all objects that provoke our aesthetic emotions? What quality is common to Sta. Sophia and the windows at Chartres, Mexican sculpture, a Persian bowl, Chinese carpets, Giotto's frescoes at Padua, and the masterpieces of Poussin, Piero della Francesca, and Cezanne? Only one answer seems possible – significant form. In each, lines and colors combined in a particular way, certain forms and relations of forms, stir our aesthetic emotions. [52] On 7 February 2007, Sotheby's London sold the 2001 photograph 99 Cent II Diptychon for an unprecedented 3, 346, 456 to an anonymous bidder, making it the most expensive at the time. [53] Conceptual photography turns a concept or idea into a photograph. Even though what is depicted in the photographs are real objects, the subject is strictly abstract. Photojournalism [ edit] Photojournalism is a particular form of photography (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that employs images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, but in some cases the term also refers to video used in broadcast journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (e. g., documentary photography, social documentary photography, street photography or celebrity photography) by complying with a rigid ethical framework which demands that the work be both honest and impartial whilst telling the story in strictly journalistic terms. Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the news media, and help communities connect with one other. Photojournalists must be well informed and knowledgeable about events happening right outside their door. They deliver news in a creative format that is not only informative, but also entertaining. Science and forensics [ edit] The camera has a long and distinguished history as a means of recording scientific phenomena from the first use by Daguerre and Fox-Talbot, such as astronomical events ( eclipses for example) small creatures and plants when the camera was attached to the eyepiece of microscopes (in photomicroscopy) and for macro photography of larger specimens. The camera also proved useful in recording crime scenes and the scenes of accidents, such as the Wootton bridge collapse in 1861. The methods used in analysing photographs for use in legal cases are collectively known as forensic photography. Crime scene photos are taken from three vantage point. The vantage points are overview, mid-range, and close-up. [54] In 1845 Francis Ronalds, the Honorary Director of the Kew Observatory, invented the first successful camera to make continuous recordings of meteorological and geomagnetic parameters. Different machines produced 12- or 24- hour photographic traces of the minute-by-minute variations of atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, atmospheric electricity, and the three components of geomagnetic forces. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century. [55] 56] Charles Brooke a little later developed similar instruments for the Greenwich Observatory. [57] Science uses image technology that has derived from the design of the Pin Hole camera. X-Ray machines are similar in design to Pin Hole cameras with high-grade filters and laser radiation. [58] Photography has become universal in recording events and data in science and engineering, and at crime scenes or accident scenes. The method has been much extended by using other wavelengths, such as infrared photography and ultraviolet photography, as well as spectroscopy. Those methods were first used in the Victorian era and improved much further since that time. [59] The first photographed atom was discovered in 2012 by physicists at Griffith University, Australia. They used an electric field to trap an "Ion" of the element, Ytterbium. The image was recorded on a CCD, an electronic photographic film. [60] Social and cultural implications [ edit] There are many ongoing questions about different aspects of photography. In her On Photography (1977) Susan Sontag dismisses the objectivity of photography. This is a highly debated subject within the photographic community. [61] Sontag argues, To photograph is to appropriate the thing photographed. It means putting one's self into a certain relation to the world that feels like knowledge, and therefore like power. 62] Photographers decide what to take a photo of, what elements to exclude and what angle to frame the photo, and these factors may reflect a particular socio-historical context. Along these lines, it can be argued that photography is a subjective form of representation. Modern photography has raised a number of concerns on its effect on society. In Alfred Hitchcock 's Rear Window (1954) the camera is presented as promoting voyeurism. 'Although the camera is an observation station, the act of photographing is more than passive observing. 62] The camera doesn't rape or even possess, though it may presume, intrude, trespass, distort, exploit, and, at the farthest reach of metaphor, assassinate – all activities that, unlike the sexual push and shove, can be conducted from a distance, and with some detachment. [62] Digital imaging has raised ethical concerns because of the ease of manipulating digital photographs in post-processing. Many photojournalists have declared they will not crop their pictures or are forbidden from combining elements of multiple photos to make " photomontages. passing them as "real" photographs. Today's technology has made image editing relatively simple for even the novice photographer. However, recent changes of in-camera processing allow digital fingerprinting of photos to detect tampering for purposes of forensic photography. Photography is one of the new media forms that changes perception and changes the structure of society. [63] Further unease has been caused around cameras in regards to desensitization. Fears that disturbing or explicit images are widely accessible to children and society at large have been raised. Particularly, photos of war and pornography are causing a stir. Sontag is concerned that "to photograph is to turn people into objects that can be symbolically possessed. Desensitization discussion goes hand in hand with debates about censored images. Sontag writes of her concern that the ability to censor pictures means the photographer has the ability to construct reality. [62] One of the practices through which photography constitutes society is tourism. Tourism and photography combine to create a "tourist gaze" 64] in which local inhabitants are positioned and defined by the camera lens. However, it has also been argued that there exists a "reverse gaze" 65] through which indigenous photographees can position the tourist photographer as a shallow consumer of images. Additionally, photography has been the topic of many songs in popular culture. Law [ edit] Photography is both restricted as well as protected by the law in many jurisdictions. Protection of photographs is typically achieved through the granting of copyright or moral rights to the photographer. In the United States, photography is protected as a First Amendment right and anyone is free to photograph anything seen in public spaces as long as it is in plain view. [66] In the UK a recent law (Counter-Terrorism Act 2008) increases the power of the police to prevent people, even press photographers, from taking pictures in public places. [67] In South Africa, any person may photograph any other person, without their permission, in public spaces and the only specific restriction placed on what may not be photographed by government is related to anything classed as national security. Each country has different laws. See also [ edit] Outline of photography Science of photography List of photographers Astrophotography Image editing Photolab and minilab Visual arts References [ edit] Spencer, D A (1973. The Focal Dictionary of Photographic Technologies. Focal Press. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-13-322719-2. ^ φάος Archived 25 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus ^ γραφή Archived 25 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus ^ Harper, Douglas. "photograph. Online Etymology Dictionary. ^ Boris Kossoy (2004. Hercule Florence: El descubrimiento de la fotografía en Brasil. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. ISBN 978-968-03-0020-4. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Boris Kossoy (1980. Hercule Florence: a descoberta isolada da fotografia no Brasil. São Paulo: Duas Cidades... The Science of Photography: Appreciation through Understanding. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ Mathur, P, K & S (6 March 2014. Developments and Changes in Science Based Technologies. Partridge Publishing. p. 50. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ a b Eder, J. (1945) 1932. History of Photography, 4th. edition [ Geschichte der Photographie. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 258–59. ISBN 978-0-486-23586-8. ^ Sir John Frederick William Herschel (British, 1792–1871) Getty Museum. The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2019. ^ Campbell, Jan (2005) Film and cinema spectatorship: melodrama and mimesis Archived 29 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Polity. p. 114. ISBN 0-7456-2930-X ^ a b Krebs, Robert E. (2004. Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-313-32433-8. ^ Crombie, Alistair Cameron (1990) Science, optics, and music in medieval and early modern thought. A&C Black. 205. ISBN 978-0-907628-79-8 ^ Wade, Nicholas J. Finger, Stanley (2001. The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective. Perception. 30 (10) 1157–77. doi: 10. 1068/p3210. PMID 11721819. ^ a b Plott, John C. (1984. Global History of Philosophy: The Period of scholasticism (part one. p. 460. ISBN 978-0-89581-678-8. According to Nazir Ahmed if only Ibn-Haitham's fellow-workers and students had been as alert as he, they might even have invented the art of photography since al-Haitham's experiments with convex and concave mirrors and his invention of the "pinhole camera" whereby the inverted image of a candle-flame is projected were among his many successes in experimentation. One might likewise almost claim that he had anticipated much that the nineteenth century Fechner did in experimentation with after-images. ^ a b Belbachir, Ahmed Nabil (2009. Smart Cameras. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-0953-4. The invention of the camera can be traced back to the 10th century when the Arab scientist Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham alias Alhacen provided the first clear description and correct analysis of the (human) vision process. Although the effects of single light passing through the pinhole have alrady been described by the Chinese Mozi (Lat. Micius) 5th century B) the Greek Aristotle (4th century BC) and the Arab ^ Wade, Nicholas J. Finger, Stanley (2001. The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective" Perception, 30 (10) 1157–1177, doi: 10. 1068/p3210, PMID 11721819, The principles of the camera obscura first began to be correctly analysed in the eleventh century, when they were outlined by Ibn al-Haytham. ^ Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV, part 1: Physics and Physical Technology (PDF. p. 98. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2016. Alhazen used the camera obscura particularly for observing solar eclipses, as indeed Aristotle is said to have done, and it seems that, like Shen Kua, he had predecessors in its study, since he did not claim it as any new finding of his own. But his treatment of it was competently geometrical and quantitative for the first time. ^ Who Invented Camera Obscura. Photography History Facts. All these scientists experimented with a small hole and light but none of them suggested that a screen is used so an image from one side of a hole in surface could be projected at the screen on the other. First one to do so was Alhazen (also known as Ibn al-Haytham) in 11th century. ^ Needham, Joseph. p. 99. The genius of Shen Kua's insight into the relation of focal point and pinhole can better be appreciated when we read in Singer that this was first understood in Europe by Leonardo da Vinci. 1452 to + 1519) almost five hundred years later. A diagram showing the relation occurs in the Codice Atlantico, Leonardo thought that the lens of the eye reversed the pinhole effect, so that the image did not appear inverted on the retina; though in fact it does. Actually, the analogy of focal-point and pin-point must have been understood by Ibn al-Haitham, who died just about the time when Shen Kua was born. ^ Davidson, Michael W (13 November 2015. Albertus Magnus. Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at The Florida State University. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. ^ Potonniée, Georges (1973. The history of the discovery of photography. Arno Press. 50. ISBN 0-405-04929-3 ^ Allen, Nicholas P. L. (1994. A reappraisal of late thirteenth-century responses to the Shroud of Lirey-Chambéry-Turin: encolpia of the Eucharist, vera eikon or supreme relic. The Southern African Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 4 (1) 62–94. ^ Allen, Nicholas P. "Verification of the Nature and Causes of the Photo-negative Images on the Shroud of Lirey-Chambéry-Turin. ^ a b Gernsheim, Helmut (1986. A concise history of photography Archived 29 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-486-25128-4 ^ Gernsheim, Helmut and Gernsheim, Alison (1955) The history of photography from the earliest use of the camera obscura in the eleventh century up to 1914. Oxford University Press. 20. ^ Litchfield, R. 1903. "Tom Wedgwood, the First Photographer: An Account of His Life. London, Duckworth and Co. See Chapter XIII. Includes the complete text of Humphry Davy's 1802 paper, which is the only known contemporary record of Wedgwood's experiments. (Retrieved 7 May 2013 via Archived 7 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b "The First Photograph – Heliography. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2009. from Helmut Gernsheim's article, The 150th Anniversary of Photography. in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977. 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate. The sunlight passing through. This first permanent example. was destroyed. some years later. ^ Hirsch, Robert (1999. Seizing the light: a history of photography. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-697-14361-7. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877) Archived 3 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. BBC ^ Feldman, Anthony and Ford, Peter (1989) Scientists & inventors. Bloomsbury Books, p. 128, ISBN 1-870630-23-8. ^ Fox Talbot, William Henry and Jammes, André (1973) William H. Fox Talbot, inventor of the negative-positive process, Macmillan, p. 95. ^ Hippolyte Bayard (French, 1801–1887) Getty Museum. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2019. ^ History of Kodak, Milestones-chronology: 1878–1929 Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Peres, Michael R. (2008. The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: from the first photo on paper to the digital revolution. Burlington, MA: Focal Press/Elsevier. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-240-80998-4. ^ H&D curve of film vs digital" Forum Discussion. Digital Photography Review. 19 April 2004. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. ^ Jacobson, Ralph E. (2000. The Focal Manual of Photography: photographic and digital imaging (9th ed. Boston, MA: Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-51574-8. ^ Black & White Photography. PSA Journal. 77 (12) 38–40. 2011. ^ a b "1861: James Clerk Maxwell's greatest year. King's College London. 3 January 2017. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017. ^ a b "From Charles Mackintosh's waterproof to Dolly the sheep: 43 innovations Scotland has given the world. The independent. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017. ^ Schewe, Jeff (2012. The Digital Negative: Raw Image Processing In Lightroom, Camera Raw, and Photoshop. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press, ISBN 0-321-83957-9, p. 72 ^ Paux, Marc-Olivier (1 February 2011. Synthesis photography and architecture. Imagina. Monaco. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. ^ Glossary: Digital Photography Review. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013. ^ Anderson, Joseph; Anderson, Barbara (Spring 1993. The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited. Journal of Film and Video. 45 (1) 3–12. Archived from the original on 24 November 2009. ^ Belisle, Brooke (2013. The Dimensional Image: Overlaps In Stereoscopic, Cinematic, And Digital Depth. Film Criticism. 37/38 (3/1) 117–37. ^ Zand, Tristan (8 April 2017. An introduction to Dualphotography. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017. ^ Twede, David. Introduction to Full-Spectrum and Infrared photography. ^ Ng, Ren (July 2006) Digital Light Field Photography. PhD Thesis, Stanford University ^ Peterson, C. A. (2011. Home Portraiture. History of Photography. 35 (4) 374–87. 1080/03087298. 2011. 606727. ^ Oloruntimilehin, Israel (17 September 2018. How To Take Good Pictures With Your Phone. List Dorm. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. ^ Clive Bell. Art Archived 3 August 2004 at the Wayback Machine. 1914. Retrieved 2 September 2006. ^ Schonauer, David (7 March 2007. The first 3M photograph. PopPhoto. Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. ^ Rohde, R. R. Crime Photography. PSA Journal, 66(3) 15. ^ Ronalds, B. F. (2016. Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-78326-917-4. ^ Ronalds, B. "The Beginnings of Continuous Scientific Recording using Photography: Sir Francis Ronalds' Contribution. European Society for the History of Photography. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016. ^ Brooke (1853. Photographic self-registering magnetic and meteorological apparatus: Invented by Mr. Brooke of Keppel-Street, London. The Illustrated Magazine of Art. 1 (5) 308–11. 2307/20537989. JSTOR 20537989. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Upadhyay, J. Chakera, J. Navathe, C. P. Naik, P. Joshi, A. S. Gupta, P. D. (2006. Development of single frame X-ray framing camera for pulsed plasma experiments. Sadhana. 31 (5) 613. CiteSeerX 10. 1. 570. 172. 1007/BF02715917. ^ Blitzer, Herbert L. Stein-Ferguson, Karen; Huang, Jeffrey (2008. Understanding forensic digital imaging. Academic Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-12-370451-1. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Glenday, Craig (2013. Guinness Book of Records 2014. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9. ^ Bissell, K. "A Return to 'Mr. Gates' Photography and Objectivity. Newspaper Research Journal. 21 (3) 81–93. 1177/073953290002100307. ^ a b c d Sontag, S. (1977) On Photography, Penguin, London, pp. 3–24, ISBN 0-312-42009-9. ^ Levinson, P. (1997) The Soft Edge: a Natural History and Future of the Information Revolution, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 37–48, ISBN 0-415-15785-4. ^ Urry, John (2002. The tourist gaze (2nd ed. London: Sage. ISBN 978-0-7619-7347-8. ^ Gillespie, Alex. "Tourist Photography and the Reverse Gaze. ^ You Have Every Right to Photograph That Cop. American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016. ^ Jail for photographing police. British Journal of Photography. 28 January 2009. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Further reading [ edit] Introduction [ edit] Barrett, T 2012, Criticizing Photographs: an introduction to understanding images, 5th edn, McGraw-Hill, New York. Bate, D. (2009) Photography: The Key Concepts, Bloomsbury, New York. Berger, J. (Dyer, G. ed. 2013) Understanding a Photograph, Penguin Classics, London. Bright, S 2011, Art Photography Now, Thames & Hudson, London. Cotton, C. (2015) The Photograph as Contemporary Art, 3rd edn, Thames & Hudson, New York. Heiferman, M. (2013) Photography Changes Everything, Aperture Foundation, US. Shore, S. (2015) The Nature of Photographs, 2nd ed. Phaidon, New York. Wells, L. (2004) Photography. A Critical Introduction [Paperback] 3rd ed. Routledge, London. ISBN 0-415-30704-X A New History of Photography, ed. by Michel Frizot, Köln: Könemann, 1998 Franz-Xaver Schlegel, Das Leben der toten Dinge – Studien zur modernen Sachfotografie in den USA 1914–1935, 2 Bände, Stuttgart/Germany: Art in Life 1999, ISBN 3-00-004407-8. Reference works [ edit] Tom Ang (2002. Dictionary of Photography and Digital Imaging: The Essential Reference for the Modern Photographer. Watson-Guptill. ISBN 978-0-8174-3789-3. Hans-Michael Koetzle: Das Lexikon der Fotografen: 1900 bis heute, Munich: Knaur 2002, 512 p., ISBN 3-426-66479-8 John Hannavy (ed. Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, 1736 p., New York: Routledge 2005 ISBN 978-0-415-97235-2 Lynne Warren (Hrsg. Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography, 1719 p., New York: Routledge, 2006 The Oxford Companion to the Photograph, ed. by Robin Lenman, Oxford University Press 2005 "The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography" Richard Zakia, Leslie Stroebel, Focal Press 1993, ISBN 0-240-51417-3 Stroebel, Leslie (2000. Basic Photographic Materials and Processes. et al. Boston: Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-80405-7. Other books [ edit] Photography and The Art of Seeing by Freeman Patterson, Key Porter Books 1989, ISBN 1-55013-099-4. The Art of Photography: An Approach to Personal Expression by Bruce Barnbaum, Rocky Nook 2010, ISBN 1-933952-68-7. Image Clarity: High Resolution Photography by John B. Williams, Focal Press 1990, ISBN 0-240-80033-8. External links [ edit] World History of Photography From The History of Art. Daguerreotype to Digital: A Brief History of the Photographic Process From the State Library & Archives of Florida.
Açıklama Yükleyen: Yüklenme Tarihi: 27 Ocak 2020 - 13:05 I AM PATRICK peels back centuries of legend and myth to tell the true story of Saint Patrick. See it in select Theaters Nationwide March 17 & 18 only! Get your tickets today.
St Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland, credited with spreading Christianity across the Emerald Isle in the 5th century and establishing it as the dominant religion. What we know about Patrick comes largely from his written work Confessio. Patrick was born in Roman-occupied Britain around the turn of the 5th century near to a place called Bannavem Taburniae, where his father, a deacon called Calpurnius, and grandfather, a priest called Potitus, lived. The exact location of Bannavem Taburniae is not known, though it's believed by some historians to be near Port Talbot in south Wales. Along with thousands of others, Patrick was kidnapped aged 16 by pirates from Ireland and taken there as a slave, where he herded sheep. While a slave, he became passionately religious. People in fancy dress costumes walk past during the annual St. Patrick's Day parade in Moscow on March 18, 2017. VASILY MAXIMOV/AFP/Getty Images "It was there that the Lord opened up my awareness of my lack of faith. St Patrick wrote in Confessio. "Even though it came about late, I recognised my failings. So I turned with all my heart to the Lord my God, and he looked down on my lowliness and had mercy on my youthful ignorance. After six years of captivity, he heard a voice in a dream telling him that he would return to Britain and that his ship was ready, 200 miles away, and he ran away. St Patrick made it back to Britain, and was eventually captured again, though freed shortly afterwards. He reunited with his parents, who begged him to stay, but he had a vision from someone called Victoricus, who carried letters from Ireland and gave him one. It begged him to return. It's thought Patrick travelled to France to study under St Germain, the bishop of Auxerre, and was eventually ordained before he set off as a fully-fledged Catholic missionary. St Patrick travelled around Ireland preaching the Christian faith, trying to convert all he met, baptising people along the way and establishing new churches, eventually becoming a bishop himself. "How has this happened in Ireland. he wrote in Confessio. "Never before did they know of God except to serve idols and unclean things. But now, they have become the people of the Lord, and are called children of God. The sons and daughters of the leaders of the Irish are seen to be monks and virgins of Christ. Patrick suffered much during these decades of preaching around Ireland. "At times I gave gifts to kings, over and above what I paid to their sons who travelled with me. he wrote. "Despite this, they took me and my companions prisoner, and very much wanted to kill me, but the time had not yet come. They stole everything they found in our possession, and they bound me in iron. " Spectators take a selfie as they attend the St Patrick's Day parade in Dublin on March 17, 2015. This year's festivities include parades and 10K runs. PAUL FAITH/AFP/Getty Images The exact date of Patrick's death is unknown and the two potential times it took place are around 30 years apart, the first being around 460, the second around 490. It's thought he died on March 17—which is why that's his feast day, St Patrick's Day, and is celebrated every year. Confessio and another contemporary text written by Patrick, his letter to Coroticus, are the only historical evidence of the real Patrick. However, a number of popular myths and legends were created in the hundreds of years after his death. Among those are stories is one of him using the shamrock— Ireland's national symbol —in his preaching to convert pagans. Another claims he banished all the snakes from Ireland by chasing them into the sea, which is why there aren't any left slithering around. The 7th century monk and Irish historian Muirchú, the biographer of St Patrick, is to blame for much of the cultural mythology surrounding him. He wanted to create a unifying symbol of Irishness and, to him, Patrick was the perfect national figurehead.
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Movie I Am patrick bruel. Free movie i am patrick swayze. 90 min 2020 I Am Patrick: The Patron Saint of Ireland is a movie starring John Rhys-Davies, Moe Dunford, and Toni O'Rourke. I AM PATRICK peels back centuries of legend and myth to tell the true story of Saint Patrick. Through historical... Watch for 0. 00 with Prime Product details Audio Subtitles Quality 480p, 720p, 1080p, 2K, 4K Genres Drama, Adventure, Documentary Director Jarrod Anderson Writer Stars Toni O'Rourke, John Rhys-Davies, Seán T. Ó Meallaigh, Moe Dunford Country USA Also Known As I AM PATRICK, I Am Patrick Runtime 1H 30M Download drama «I Am Patrick: The Patron Saint of Ireland» Customers who watched documentary also watched.
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Bill Cunningham, the New York fashion photographer known for his shots of emerging trends on the streets of New York City, died on Saturday at age of 87 after being hospitalized for a stroke, the New York Times reported. Cunningham worked for the New York Times for nearly 40 years, operating 'as a dedicated chronicler of fashion and as an unlikely cultural anthropologist. the newspaper said. He was known for wearing his trademark blue jacket and riding around in his bicycle with a small camera bag strapped to his waist. After serving in the Army, Cunningham wrote fashion pieces for the Chicago Tribune and started taking photographs of people on the streets. Scroll down for video Bill Cunningham (pictured in July last year) had worked for the New York Times for almost 40 years as a fashion and street photographer. He died on Saturday aged 87 Cunningham (pictured with Anna Wintour at the Donna Karan show during Fashion Week in September 2012) was a 'dedicated chronicler of fashion and as an unlikely cultural anthropologist' the newspaper said After serving in the Army, Cunningham (pictured at New York Fashion Week in February 2015) wrote fashion pieces for the Chicago Tribune and started taking photographs of people on the streets The photographer (pictured with Wintour in April 2012) chronicled decades of changing trends on the streets of New York City throughout his career A chance photograph of Greta Garbo got the attention of the New York Times and in 1978 he began publishing a regular series of photographs in the paper - eventually becoming one of the most influential figures in the fashion world. 'I've said many times that we all get dressed for Bill. Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour said in a 2010 documentary dedicated to Cunningham, called Cunningham New York. Wintour and Cunningham were photographed together when he received the Carnegie Hall Medal of Excellence at the Waldorf Astoria in New York four years ago. Cunningham operated with the conviction that fashion shows didn't happen on runways but on the street - and his essays in the New York Times documented decades of evolving trends on the New York pavements. His keen eyes spotted popular items of clothing ranging from the elegant to the tacky, and his lens capture 'fanny packs Birkin bags, gingham shirts and fluorescent biker shorts' the New York Times said in an obituary of Cunningham Saturday. 'I'm not interested in celebrities with their free dresses. I'm interested in clothes. Cunningham said about his own work in the 2010 documentary. Cunningham may have been known to every important figure of his industry, but his own life was a model of asceticism, the New York Times reported. He had breakfast every day at the same deli - Stage Star Deli on West 55th Street, and usually purchased a sausage and egg sandwich and a cup of coffee for less than 3. Cunningham did not have a television, did not go the the movie theater, and until 2010 lived in the same studio where he kept his negatives. His single bed was pictured in the 2010 documentary among rows and rows of file cabinets. 'If you don't take money, it can't tell you what to do. Cunningham, who also appeared at a launderette, said. Cunningham was born in March 1929 in Boston in an Irish-Catholic family and was the second of four children, the New York Times wrote. Cunningham (pictured in 1989) received a scholarship to go to Harvard but dropped out after only a couple of months. He said people there 'thought [he] was illiterate' when he was, in fact, a visual person According to Cunningham (pictured in September 2012 during New York Fashion Week) fashion shows didn't happen on runways but actually took place on the streets Cunningham (pictured in February 2015 at a Jeremy Scott fashion show) said he wasn't interested in celebrities who wore 'free dresses' but that he actually cared about clothes His first career was making hats, which he began to do in middle school after collecting bits of fabric at a dime store. Cunningham received a scholarship to go to Harvard but dropped out after only two months. 'They thought I was an illiterate. Cunningham said according to the New York Times. 'I was hopeless - but I was a visual person. Then, he moved in with his uncle in New York and lived with him until the man told him to 'quit making hats or get out of [his] apartment. Cunningham moved into his own apartment on East 52nd Street, and used it to showcase his creations. At the same time, he began writing a freelance column in Women's Wear Daily as a way to make a bit more money - but quit early in the 1960s after a disagreement with his publisher regarding the comparative merits of designers Andre Courrege and Yves Saint Laurent. Evolving trends meant women were wearing fewer and fewer hats, and Cunningham could tell he would soon have to find a new career, the New York Times reported. He picked up his first camera around 1967 and took photos of the Summer Of Love on the streets. Cunningham got a few jobs at the Daily News and at the Chicago Tribune before becoming a regular addition to the New York Times in the late 1970s. Editors offered him a staff position repeatedly over the next 20 years, but Cunningham declined, saying: Once people own you, they can tell you what to do. So don't let 'em. ' He eventually accepted the offer after getting hit by a truck while on his bicycle in 1994, explaining he needed the position to have health insurance. Cunningham never reported having a romantic relationship. When Richard Press, who directed the documentary dedicated to Cunningham, asked him about his personal life, the photographer replied: Do you want to know if I'm gay? Isn't that a riot. No, I haven't. It never occurred to me. the New York Magazine reported. The fashion world paid tribute to Cunningham's talent - and his unusual character - after the news of his death broke on Saturday. 'His company was sought after by the fashion world's rich and powerful, yet he remained one of the kindest, most gentle and humble people I have ever met. New York Times publisher and chairman Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr said. 'We have lost a legend, and I am personally heartbroken to have lost a friend. Many shared pictures and drawings of Cunningham in his blue jacket and next to his bike on social media. Those who had seen him at a fashion show recounted their encounters and spoke fondly of Cunningham's manners. Lena Dunham wrote on Instagram: Saw Bill out and about doing his thing for the first time when I was seven - I didn't know who he was but I knew he made everyone important stop and adjust. 'It was the exact same vibe when I saw him a month ago, fancy people suddenly unsure in the presence of this special eccentric. He was powerful but he was gentle and kind. He had vision and he will be missed. French fashion blogger Garance Dore, who lives in New York City, also wrote on Instagram: Some legends walk by you and you hardly notice them because that's exactly what they want. 'Bill Cunningham was like this, and all his life he was able to keep that fire and the perfect distance from his subject, distance that allowed him to do the work that he did. 'He was always going, going, going, rain, snow, heat, always smiling. Wearing a blue jacket and riding a bike became two of Cunningham's trademarks and reflected his stubbornly modest lifestyle. He is pictured in New York City in April this year Cunningham (pictured in July 2014) once said: If you don't take money, it can't tell you what to do. He had breakfast at the same deli every day and usually bought an egg sandwich and a coffee for less than 3 After getting hit by a truck while riding his bicycle in 1994, Cunningham (pictured right in 2010) finally accepted a staff position at the New York Times, explaining he needed it for health insurance Cunningham (pictured in May this year in New York City) did not have a television, did not go the the movie theater, and until 2010 lived in the same studio where he kept his negatives.
Do you see him lick his lips and smile when he mentions josh... 
I can't figure who can replace her as Vogue's matriarch when she retires. The Times of Bill Cunningham movie database. Do you mind If I add this to my blog. The Times of Bill Cunningham movie page. Wow. This was a great video. Fantastic! Might be my favorite on YouTube and trust me Ive seen thousands.
This one truly pissed me off I bet you just like the girls said the grandmother is Prejudiced and so is the father but I bet you he didn't make that white woman take a DNA test and the mother got some nerve looking like the mother from Good Times and got the nerve to be prejudiced when you blacker than black and I'm not Prejudice cuz I'm biracial my daddy is white and my mother is Native American show and I'm a woman of color. But like I said I bet you that black I did not make that white woman take a DNA test cuz that's how some black people are and Men especially but he sit up here and made that woman of color go take a DNA test for them kids knowing them kids was his you lay down there and made them you have a problem with that like I said this one pissed me off and a mother needs to mind her business cuz they had nothing to do with her.
. Directed by=D.W. Young. Liked it=20 Vote. The booksellers trailer. The booksellers association. 
I love this, congratulations! ❤. The booksellers wife. 
Hahaha Democrats are so desperate and out of touch with real people that they are putting out movies that actually say that they are desperate and WAY out of touch with real people.
Love the title, but shes confused on what she should swallow in order for “him” to be happy. The booksellers tale. The booksellers documentary. The booksellers movie review. The Booksellers They came and went from a hole below a tavern in Daggenford Street, in a grimy, moldering part of the town where there were no streetlamps. No one ever caught more than a glimpse of them. Sometimes, a watchful eye or a bloodshot gaze pressed to a window would catch the slither of black cloaks, the gleam of a metal mask, or the flicker of a white finger. But nothing more. Many wished to see them. Over the years, many came to that part of the town, from across the sea, and from far across the country — rich men in crimson waistcoats and poor men in tattered hats, and fine ladies and barefoot children. They all craved to see one, to look behind its mask and learn its secrets. Edgart Viviender was the latest. Bored and clever and rich as Italian damask. He would not be the last. There were no books in Edgart Vivienders country. Perhaps there were none in the whole world. There were no books because there were no trees, and no paper, and very little leather, and hardly any brains to string words together and make sense of them. Edgarts house had a room called a library, but no one remembered what it was for; the shelves were empty and they were too narrow for shirtwaists and too wide for china-ware. And the problem was, Edgart knew how to read. He had practiced the street-signs and the medicine bottles, and he had read all the words stamped on the soles of his shoes, and his options had become rather limited. He wanted more. He wanted deeper. That was when he had begun to gad about, and ask questions, and go on journeys. And that was how he came to Daggenford Street. That was how anyone came, trickling into the shadowy confines, adventurers and fortune-seekers, and the curious, and the bored. They came to that town based on rumors: that there were suppliers there, purveyors of wondrous things, marvelous things, sparks and flames and rolling shadows. Things to prod the mind and poke the soul. And so Edgart came, and took lodgings in some upstairs rooms in Belheim, and set off every night to search for the booksellers. On this particular night, the foghorns from the docks were moaning and the air was opaque, as if a curtain of oil hung in the atmosphere. The cobbles were slick. The taverns were full. Not loud, but full. Seven were there, sitting at Edgarts table, and one of them was a local, speaking in a hushed and grating voice. “Theres Crow-face and Moon-face and Iron-teeth and Tar, ” the old man whispered over the guttering flame of a candle, and the others stared, and Edgart stared hardest of all. He sat between a woman named Mary the Bonneter and a man named Merry the Hangman and they both wanted to find the booksellers, too. Mary the Bonneter leaned over, pulling her headscarf low. “Where? Where are they? ” she said, and her voice was soft and musical, and it made everyone wonder why she was here, and why any of them were here. The old man answered: “You wont find them if you look. Theyll come to you. And if they do, they will ask a price. It is not free, the things they give. ” Edgart thought: Well, I am very wealthy. “Have you ever seen one, ” Mary the Bonneter asked. “Ever at all? I hear they wear masks- ” “They do, ” said the old man. “And I have. Oh, I wish I never do again. ” He shivered, violently, and the candle shivered with him. “I was twelve then. I did not see the face, but the figure reared up before me seven feet tall, wrapped in a black cloak, and his round, silver mask shimmering. That was Moon-face. I still see him sometimes, in the far reaches of the night, after I close my eyes. ” Edgart left the table hurriedly. The booksellers would not find him here. Edgart would not learn their secrets by talking to superstitious old boggarts. He went to every tavern in that part of town where there are no streetlamps, and he waited on corners, and he shuffled through gutters, and he slept in the day and walked in the night, and waited. In the end, the booksellers found Edgart. He was stumbling back to his lodgings after a long, cold night, his joints stiff, his waistcoat and cravat a little wilted. The booksellers were in a group, hunched and moving swiftly down the street, four figures returning from some errand, some shadowy journey through the night. Edgart was in the middle of the street, and they were coming straight toward him. He was paralyzed for a moment, frozen in a mixture of fear and anticipation. Then he slipped into a doorway, waited for them to pass, and followed quietly behind. Moon-face was in the middle. Edgart recognized the round, round mask, mirror-bright, with slits for eyes and a grinning mouth. Then there was Crow-face, who was a woman, and Iron-teeth who was short and stocky, like a boulder, and Tar, which was so tall and thin it was impossible to tell what it was. They moved with incredible speed, darting and gliding, and yet they did not seem in any hurry. They turned into a narrow lane, scrabbled close along the house-walls. It was difficult for Edgart to keep them in sight. And then they arrived at a tavern with a wordless sign hanging broken above the door — an empty tavern, long deserted. There was hole under it, a fallen bit of wall where the gutter flowed in. Crow-face slipped into the hole, a small cackle echoing from behind her mask. Tar and Iron-teeth went next. And then, just as Moon-face paused, and turned and looked over his shoulder, and was about to dive into the blackness as well, Edgart Viviender stepped into the street. He didnt say anything. He simply stood there, and when Moon-face looked at him, all sound seemed to stop. There was no distant clatter of docks and drinking. No dripping gutters. Only a shimmering, silvery ringing, piercing the air. Slowly, Moon-face straightened. Edgart stood stock-still, his hands clenched around his trouser-legs. Moon-face glided toward him. “Show me, ” said Edgart. “Show me, please! Take off your mask! ” Moon-face froze. He did not come closer. “Do you want something? ” Edgarts voice rose. He took a few steps forward. “Something in return? I will give it to you. Anything you ask. ” Moon-face watched him. The ringing continued, seemed to swell and weave, hypnotic and strangely sickening. And then Moon-face reached up and opened his mask. Every drop of blood in Edgarts body turned to fire. He could no longer speak, or move, and his muscles wound tight and his bones locked. The face behind the mask was pale and smooth, the skin so clear and glass-like, as if it had never felt a strong wind or the scratch of a branch. And there were words there. Scrawled on the eyelids, on the cheeks, across the forehead in blood-red ink. So many words, flying at Edgart and pounding him, a thousand words and a thousand stories. Every happy family is alike-Anna? Anna, where are you going-no one noticed the soldier- and suddenly Edgart was so heavy and full that he reeled back and fell into a doorway and collapsed. Moon-face stayed perfectly still. Then he reached up slowly and closed his mask over his face, and its hinge creaked like a door. More seconds passed. Somewhere in the distance a cat shrieked. Moon-face turned and melted into the dark. Edgart lay in the street, shaking and freezing, his eyes open, and when he had recovered enough, he dragged himself back to his lodgings in Belheim. He did not leave them again. He locked himself in, and the landlady heard odd voices from the rooms, as if there was not one, but many different people there. She heard loud thumps, and the casements banged open on windy, stormy nights, and water dripped through the floors. And at some point, when no one had seen Edgart for many, many days, the constable came to break down the door. They found the rooms in a disarray, and Edgart lying on the floor, laughing, or possibly crying, it was difficult to say. He had gone mad. He had scrawled on the walls with ink and fingernails and worse things, and though very few people knew how to read it, it was a masterpiece. It began: Why, oh why do the little ones go, laughing and talking, into the snow. One week later, in Daggenford Street, Moon-face crept from under the tavern, and found Mary the Bonneter. She was waiting for him, her face alive and bright, and her eyes quivering. Moon-face paused before her, and she promised to pay the price. He creaked opened his mask. Why, oh why do the little ones go, she read on his eyelids and on his face. 3 responses so far, Follow: RSS 2. 0. 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Julia Roberts has found her next high-profile cinematic vehicle: an adaptation of Cynthia Swanson's 2015 novel, The Bookseller. The story follows Kitty Miller (Roberts) a single girl who runs a bookshop with her friend, Frieda. The turn comes when Kitty starts to find herself living another life in her dreams as "Katharyn. a woman with the husband and family that "Kitty" always desired. As Kitty begins to indulge in her new dream life, the line between fantasy and reality becomes blurred - as does the distinction between whether it is Kitty or Katharyn, who runs the show. Roberts is also producing the film alongside her Red Om Films partners Lisa Gillan and Marisa Yeres. Crystal City's Jonathan Rubenstein and Ari Pinchot are also attached as producers. Julia Roberts hasn't had the strongest lineup of film releases, recently. After the modest reception of Money Monster and Mother's Day, she voiced a Smurf in the animated feature Smurfs: The Last Village. Needless to say, The Bookseller is a more traditional vehicle for the Oscar-winning actress. Source: THR, Getty / Brian Killian UP NEXT.
Trò Chơi Kỳ Ảo: Thăng cape. Trò ChÆi Kỳ áºo: Thăng Cáºp.e. That song was literally one of the best things I have ever seen. and Ive seen the Stop It Seagulls song. NOW PLAYING IN THEATERS TOMORROW IN THEATERS FRIDAY IN THEATERS DECEMBER 13 TICKETS For Jumanji: The Next Level are now on sale In Jumanji: The Next Level, the gang is back but the game has changed. As they return to Jumanji to rescue one of their own, they discover that nothing is as they expect. The players will have to brave parts unknown and unexplored, from the arid deserts to the snowy mountains, in order to escape the worlds most dangerous game. FINAL TRAILER OFFICIAL TRAILER DIRECTED BY: Jake Kasdan WRITTEN BY: Jake Kasdan & Jeff Pinkner & Scott Rosenberg BASED ON THE BOOK JUMANJI BY: Chris Van Allsburg PRODUCED BY: Matt Tolmach Jake Kasdan Dwayne Johnson Dany Garcia Hiram Garcia EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS: David Householter Melvin Mar Scott Rosenberg Jeff Pinkner William Teitler Ted Field Mike Weber CAST Dwayne Johnson Jack Black Kevin Hart Karen Gillan Nick Jonas Awkwafina Alex Wolff Morgan Turner Ser'Darius Blain Madison Iseman with Danny Glover and Danny DeVito Catch up on Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle with your family and friends before we take things to 'The Next Level' this Christmas.
Kde je Bethany? 😂. Trò ChÆi Kỳ áºo: Thăng Cáºp.r. 映画-Movie Walker > 作品を探す ジュマンジ／ネクスト・レベル ゲームの世界に吸い込まれた若者が現実世界に戻るためサバイバルするアクション映画の続編.大学生になったスペンサーは再びジュマンジの世界に吸い込まれてしまう.彼を救おうと仲間たちもログインするがバグを起こしたゲームは難易度がアップしていた.出演は「ワイルド・スピード」シリーズのドウェイン・ジョンソン「ルイスと不思議の時計」の ジャック・ブラック 「リベンジ・マッチ」のケヴィン・ハート「ガーディアンズ・オブ・ギャラクシー」シリーズの カレン・ギラン 「ジュマンジ／ウェルカム・トゥ・ジャングル」の ニック・ジョナス. 監督は「ジュマンジ／ウェルカム・トゥ・ジャングル」の ジェイク・カスダン. 上映館を探す 高校生だった2年前ゲームをクリアしたスペンサーマーサフリッジベサニーはそれぞれの道を進み今は大学生になっていた.しかしスペンサーはあのときの興奮が忘れられず粉々に破壊したジュマンジをこっそり修理し始める.その瞬間またしてもゲームに吸い込まれてしまう.スペンサーを救出するために3人も再びジュマンジにログインする.しかし壊れたゲームの世界はバグを起こしキャラの入れ替わり設定はめちゃくちゃにさらになぜかスペンサーのお祖父ちゃんたちもジュマンジの中にいた.しかもジャングルのみならず砂漠氷山など新たなステージが追加され難易度もアップしていた.ゲームに吸い込まれたスペンサーは一体どのステージでどんなキャラクターになっているのか？ ジュマンジの謎を解きゲームをクリアするしか生きて現実世界に帰る手段はないが使えるライフは3回のみ.スペンサーたちはゲームをクリアすることができるのか……？ 見たい映画に 登録した人 30 人 作品データ 原題 Jumanji: The Next Level 製作年 2019年 製作国 アメリカ 配給 ソニー・ピクチャーズエンタテインメント 上映時間 123 分 映画公式サイトへ (c)キネマ旬報社 レビュー 最近チェックした映画館・映画 写真で見るニュース ジュマンジ／ネクスト・レベル.
Aqui esperando que salga en Latino. Trò chơi kỳ ảo thăng cấp 2. Once they are famous. A lot of takes. noone complains.